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I H. H. ROOT Oct. 18, 1932. CANDLE AND METHOD RELATING THERETO Original Filed Nov. 10. 1930 $heets4$het 1 Re. 18,623; i

7H. HQ ROOT CANDLE AND METHOD RELATING THERE'TO Original Filed Nov. 10, 19:50 2 sheets-Shem 2 5k 2 ZZZ?" -10 g'wuantoz My, WWW m1, 73/2: @444? Reissuecl Oct. 18, 1932 UNITED STATES PATENT- OFFICE HUBER H. BOOT, OI MEDINA, OHIO, ASSIGNOIB. TO THE A. I. ROOT COMPANY, OF MEDINA,

OHIO, A CORPORATION OF OHIO CANDLE AN D METHOD "BELA'IIN G THERETO ,Origihal No. 1,867,420, dated July 12, 1982, Serial No. 494,459, filed November 10, 1930. Application for reissue filed August 8, 1932. Serial No. 627,997.

This invention relates. to lighting devices, and particularly to a sacramental light. Specifically, the invention contemplates a new and improved sanctuary light.

An object is to provide a lighting device which will be more effective in its operation than the previously known lighting'devices of its general type.

Another object is to provide a. sacramental light which will burn for a long time, and

means for preventing the formation of a,

. deep well in the top of the fuel body of a candle of relatively large avera e diameter, during the critical peripd shorty after the candle is lighted.

Still another object is to provide a candle which will be better adapted for packing and shipping than are candles of the class herein shown, heretofore used.

Another specific object is to provide a sacramental candle, for use say in common types of sanctuary li ht equipment, etc., which candle will not ciaposit soot or wax on the inside of the usual glass globe or on the candle su portin base.

ther o jects and novel features of the.

invention will become apparent from the following description, which relates to the accompanying drawings. The drawings show the preferred forms of the a paratus, and the characteristic features of t e meth- 0d. The essential novelty is defined by the claims.

In the drawings, Fig.1 is a' central sectional view, showing a known t e of sanctuary light globe, a conventiona base and insect guard therefor, my im roved candle being shown in place within t e globe; Fig.

2 is a fragmentary sectional view of the upper portion of the candle, and showing, particularly, a device for protecting the candle when used in low temperatures; Fig. 3 is a sectional view of the improved candle, showing, in diagram, the manner in which the candle operates, and showing, further, a preferred construction for preventing the wick from tipping over when nearly consumed; Fig. 4 is a diagrammatic view, il-

lustrating the condition of the fuel and flame I when the candle is, say about half consumed;

Fig. 5 is a sectional view of the base portion of the candle, (nearly consumed), the view being taken substantially along the lines 55 on Fig. 3; Fig. 6 shows a modified wick support; Fig. 7 shows a modified form of candle, the upper portion thereof being broken away in central cross-section; Figs. 8 and 9 are still other modified forms of the invention, Fig. 9 showingthe device in operation; and Fig. '10 shows the preferred manner of packing the candle for shipment.

The present invention is an improvement in illuminating devices of the class including sanctuary lights. The lights of this cla ss heretofore used employed solid fuel and a wick, the fuel being in suitable, say elongated, bodyj-form and adapted to burn in a hollow glo'e, either spaced from the inner surfaces thereof horizontally (ruby cylinder type), or set into globes which were in the nature-of cups or container intimately embracing the fuel material horizontally on all sides, (as though poured into and solidificd therein). ,.The latter arran ement of globes (lily-type) have always een characterized by having wide mouths, and slop ing sides,.usually if not always permitting the'solidified material to be inserted into and withdrawn therefrom. The ruby cylinder type often requires a follower or burner to assistin preventing dripping and the formation of deep wells in the fuel body, and. such ancillary equipment is not satisfactory, principally due to the tendencies thereof, viz: to become cooked on. the fuel body,

wedged against the ruby cylinder, to drown the flame by submerging the wick upon too rapid travel downwardly, etc. The above and other disadvantages of followers, and moreover, the need for follower devices of into the top of the vessel may fully or par some sort with this type of light, are generally recognized. The other (lily type of sanctuary light does not permit t e use of a follower, but this has disadvantages of its own and some in common with the ruby cylinder type-particularly the nuisance of having to laboriously clean out wick and wax deposits and soot. Theprincipal disadvantage of the lily type, however, is the formation of a deep well in the fuel body around the wick when this type of light is started burning in low temperatures or where the temperature suddenly lowers at any time during the burning. If a deep well forms, then the light, appears to have gone out though it may still be burning and after a well is formed and the temperature suddenly rises, then the sides of the well collapse or slide down, causing the melted fuel at the center to rise and extinguish the flame. I

All the disadvantages incident to using the prior devices above mentioned are overcome by the new arrangement hereinafter described.

In Fig. 1 the ruby glass is shown at A, resting at its bottom margin, in a rim 9 of a suitable base G. The bell-mouthed upper end B of the ruby glass is adapted to support a suitable reticulated insect guard indicated diagrammatically at H. The base G has below the shouldered rim 9 an annular shoulder 9' adapted to support the usual form of candle, and which shoulder I may also make use of to support the improved candle.

As shown in Figs. 1 to 10, the candle casing comprises a single piece of glass vessel 1, having a restricted mouth at 2, at the top, in other words a bottle. The candle has a wick 3, preferably centrally thereof and running the entire length of the vessel. The preferred wick is the conventional metal cored wick, that is to say. one in which there is incorporated a strand of soft metal, such as lead, which metal melts as the wick burns down, but remains solid enough at and below the charred portion. to prevent the free end of the wick from bending over into the melted wax.

The fuel supplying body 4 may be ordinary candle wax, any wax of low melting point obtainable on the market as such being suitable. The wax, which is melted and poured ti ally fill the vessel, preferably partially, about as shown in Fig. 1.

To support the wick, when the fuel is about consumed, I preferably employ a suitable block of inexpensive material, such as .wood, (see Fig. 3 at 5), the block being apertured as at 6, to receive the lower end of the wick. To protect the wood from burning, as well as'to weigh down the block against floating in the melted wax and allowing the wick to tip over,

there is shown a small plate ofsheet metal 7,

apertured as at 8, to receive the wick. In

vthe inside diameter of the vessel at the bottom thereof while the width of the plate (see Fig. 5) is preferably substantiallythe same as the block. This wick supporting arrangement may be considerably modified. For example, as shown in Fig. 6, the wooden block 9 may be covered on its top side with a suitable coating of non-inflammable material, for example, With water-glass, as at 10, and the block may be weighted, as by a small lead insert 12, in which case the weight of the wick supportingdevice is depended upon to hold the lower end of the wick centrally of the vessel.

In moulding, the preferred method is to place a dun'imy wick, (preferably a steel wire) in the vessel in the desired location for the wick. The wire is of course thrust through the plate 7 and into the block 5, thus. locating the wire. The melted wax is then poured into the vessel. After the wax has hardened, the wire is withdrawn, and the wick then fully inserted into the space left by the wire. The wick is of course previously treated to render it stiff, as by drawing the same through parafiim.

Referring again to the top of the vessel, it will be seen that this converges gradually as at 15, to the restricted mouth 2, the smallest diameter of the mouth, as shown, being slightly below the top edge of the vessel. This relationship of the smallest diameter to the top edge is not essential, but, in manufacturing the yessel, it. is found desirable to provide some sort of strengthening bead effect, as at 16; and because of this, and in order to maintain a uniform thickness of glass, the resulting vessel is somewhat widened at the mouth, as at 17 Y Various stages in the course of burning the candle are shown in Figs. 2- to In Fig. 2, the fuel has been consumed to a point slightly below the most restricted port1on,*2, of the vessel mouth, and at this point, under ordinary conditions, it will be found that a pool 20 of melted wax lies over the entire face of the solid wax, the depth of the 001 varying in the neighborhood of in a vessel of the proportions shown, and having a mouth diameter, (at 2)of about 1%". The

proximity of the rim of the glass neck of the vessel to the flame conducts enough heat to the adjacent portions of the fuel to melt the same at the top clear across and thus prevent the formation of any well at this, the most critical period in the burning operation. Now, as the candle burns down, this pool of melted wax remains of substantially uniform depth, (with the surroundingitemperature su stantially constant) clearto the wall of the vessel. The depth of melted wax varies according to room temperatures, but, thedepth, notwithstanding radical changes intemperature, is never such as to extinguish the flame by drowning the. wick. Fig. 3 illustrates. substantially the ,condition ,which exists when thepool of melted wax reaches the .cylindricalportion of the vessel,

. and Figs. 4 and 5 illustrate the conditionsexisting when the candle is about half and hear- 1y entirely consumed, respectively. I

- continues to burnbelow the neck of the vessel,

as. in F igs. 3 and 4, but apparently sufficient I oxygenin fresh air isdrawn down into the vessel'about its outer walls (see arrows w) by reason of the rapidly rising column of hot burned gases (see arrows Of course, this risingcolumn of burned gas diffuses in the downwardly directed column of fresh air.

Nevertheless, it is obvious that the colder,

or rim of the casing which is disposed comparatively close to the flame is heated by direct radiation from the flame and thus almost immediately the fuel body begins to melt at its outer 'upper surface as soon as melting starts near the wick, and this is due partly to absorption of heat by the fuel from the rim as well as due toreflection of the heat of the flame from the rim onto the fuel. Thus there is no critical burning period at the start because there is no tendencyfor a central well to be formed. ,Now as the 'fuel body is consumed and recedes into the casing bustion, but the incoming fresh airisheated first by the flame and later by the rising column' of hot gas, being-forced into intimate contact with the flame and later the hot rising column of gas, thegas of course diffusing somewhat in the fresh air; The fresh air being thus heated, though notsuflicient to prevent downward travel thereof, expands 'into intimate contact with the inner surfaces of the casing, and further tends to maintain the walls defining these surfaces in heated condition. In other words, the restricted opening not only presents portions of the It mayseem' surprising that the candle a means for introducing outside air into the cavity and for immediately heating said air either directly'fr'om the flame or from thefhot gaseous products of combustion of the fuel body as the air enters and travels downwardly in the cavity. This intimate association of the incoming fresh air'and the heating media is maintained because no air can get into the cavity except through the restricted opening. 9

Moreover, the restricted central opening being the only inlet for fresh airjand outlet for gaseous products of combustion, restricts the supply of fresh air, thereby maintaining a relatively small flame throughout the greater part of the burning operation. This tends to economize the use of fuel and, moreover, minimizes smoke and the danger of breaking the glass by sudden increase in the volume of the flame in the event foreign mat ter collects on the protruding end of the wick, giving it more body than it ordinarily has. lVhen the fuel is nearly consumed, as shown in Fig. 5, the weight of the metal plate 7 prevents the block 5 from tipping over (as by floating in the melted wax) and at the same time the plate prevents the block from burning. In thearrangement illustrated,

substantially all the wax at will be drawn to, the wick,-

up over the edge of the plate leaving only a slight residueatzthe bottom of thevessel, when the flame finally goes out. 'A feature of the invention is illustrated in Fig. 2, wherein I have shown means for use in cold weather, to provide a dead air space between the upper end of the vessel land the ruby glass. This may comprise simplyan annular disc of fibrous material, such as heavy carboard or asbestos25, having an opening at 26 to telescope the outer rim of the Vessel, at 16, and to be supported at its outer edge by the bell-mouth of the ruby.

glass. Any suitable means, such as loops 30, may be fastened to the disc 25, to permit the disc to be easily removed, when desired. These devices 30 may comprise metal inserts such as shown,.1 netal or paper tabs riveted to the disc; or, in fact, ordinary-string loops will serve. In warmer weather, it is highly desirable that air shall circulate freely in the space between the vessel 1 and the ruby glass, to keep the walls of the vessel comparatively cool, hence the disc 25 isused or omitted, depending on expectedtemperatures. In extremely cold weather, thecandle furnishes plenty of heat to insure that all the wax will be melted away from the'inner vessel walls.

Referring now to Fig. 7 this illustrates that the 'vessel does not have to be made in one piece, there being a lower member 35 and a separate, upper neck member 36 arranged,

for example, to fit into an annular shoulder 37, on the member 35.

While it is essential that the Walls of the vessel 1 shall be translucent to such an extent as to allow the flame to be seen through the wall of the vessel, and thence through the ruby glass, it is not entirely essential that all of the vessel-'1 shall be translucent. For example, as shown in Fig. 8 the restricted mouth of the vessel may be afforded by an annular opaque wall in the nature of a cap, such as illustrated at 40. This may be metal. 'As shown, the cap 40 has an upwardly converging portion 41, (shown conical), a flange at 42 to abut the top of the glass vessel 43, and a depending skirt id to form a tight fitting joint with the upper end of the vessel. This device while having the principal advantages of the invention as above described, has certain disadvantages not present in the previously described arrangcments For ample, part of the flame is obscured when it reaches the-point illustrated in Fig. 9. Moreover, the metal cap is not nearly so effective in preventing the formation of a central deep Well in the top of the fuel body in very cold weather, principally because by reason of having to allow for a difference in expansion of the metal and the glass, it will sometimes be found impractical to provide a close enoughfit between the metal and the glass to insure, first, that adequate heat will be con.- ducted to the side walls, and, second, that the whole supply of fresh air will be heated, as introduced into the casing, by the rising col- 11mm of hot gas from'the flame. Further, the

fuel cannot be poured into and allowed to solidifyin the restricted portion of the deviceto reduce the'diameter of the fuel body at the top, as readily as in the case of the one piece vessel according to Fig. 1, for example, on account of the tendency of the A melted fuel to escape at the joint.

tral opening,

* casing may get too hot,

It will be seen, however, that the operation of the devices of Figs. 7 to 9 is practically the same as above describedin detail with reference to the Figure 1 group of figures, and if shafid and proportioned the same as in Fig. 1, e. g. (with proper allowance for v the additional heat conductivity of metal over glass, assuming the restriction affording part is of metal) and the joints at 37 and 44 of Figs. 7 and 8 respectively are tight enough to assure uniform conductivity of heat from the restricted wall. portions to the translucent easing walls therebelow, and further to prevent ingress of fresh air except at the cent-he operation of the devicesof these modifications is identical with the operation of the device of Fig. 1. It should be mentioned that it may be found necessary to 7 increase the size of the central opening (as suggested by the proportions shown in 1 g. 8) when using a metal annulus, otherwise the particularly at the interposed between the vessels to prevent breakage. The advantage of this method of handling the candles will be clearly appreciated when it is considered that, ordinarily, candlesmust be packed with a great deal of care and in adequate stiifeners, to prevent breakage and distortion.

Having thus described my invention, I claim:

1. A solid fuel candle uniformly and intimately embraced by a glass bottle, and held in the bottle by the restricted mouth thereof.

2. A candle comprising a fusible fuel body, awick contained thereby, and a relatively non-fusible translucent container of fixed length having a restricted mouth, the container, including the restricted portion thereof,

til

substantially uniformly and intimately embracing said fuel body.

3 As a new artlc le, of manufacture, a relatively non-fusible translucent rigid casing of fixed length, and having a restricted mouth forming both an air inlet and an outlet for hot gaseous products of combustion, and fusible solid fuel candle material contained in the casing in substantially uniform intimate contact with the side walls thereof and perforated to receive a suitable wick.

4:. A candle device, comprising a relatively non-fusible hollow upright translucent lower casing section, open at the top, a fusible fuel candle body contained therein in continuouslyclose proximity to the wall of said section for substantially the entire vertically coextensive surfaces of said body and easing section, said body being adapted to be consumed by a suitable wick, and annular means forming a separate upper section of the casing in close continuous peripheral contact with the lower section, said means forming a wall overhanging the candle body and said means being vented to the outside air only in the region of the longitudinal axis of the casing, whereby fresh air to support combustion of the candle is introduced only at said region and passes into intimate heating contact with oppositely flowing gaseous products .of com- .bllStlOll when the candle is burned, and thence expands and fiows downwardly along the inner wall surface of the casing, thereby conveying heat from the hot gases to said face-for uniformly warming the casing wall to prevent ccngealing of melted fuel on said wall opposite the flame.

5. A candle according to claim 4 wherein the said annular means 13 also composed of havin translucent'material for visibility of the candle flame therethrough.

6. A candle, comprising a translucent casing formed in one plece, closed at one end and a restricted mouth at the other, and a fusi le solid fuel body within the casing, of greater diameter than the restricted opening and adapted to be consumed in place by a suitable wick.

w 7. A candle,comprising a solid fusible fuel body and a suitable wick, there being a relatively deep translucent vessel embracing the body in substantiallyuniform intimate contact therewith throughout the vertical height of said body, and there being annular heat conducting means associated therewith in continuously overhanging relation to the fuel bod and continuously joining said vessel for con noting the heat generated at the candle flameto the vessel wall to thereby maintain the vessel walls free from unmelted fuel.

8. In combination with acandle having an elongated fusible solid fuel body, a rigid translucent casin of fixed-length enclosin said body for su stantially the full length thereof and in such proximity to said body that the walls of the casing will retain the 001 of melted fuel material as the candle urns, and heat conducting means associated with the top of the casing and extending in-.

wardly in overhanging relation to said body to conduct the heat of the flame to the casing walls and thereby prevent congealin g of fuel material on the casing walls opposite the I flame.

I 9. A sanctuary light comprising an outer protective translucent hollow body, a candle contained thereby and incorporating a fuel supplying body in a translucent rigid casing,

and annular removable means interposed between the upper end of said casingand the adjacent wall of said hollow body 10. A candle, comprising a relatively nonfusible translucent container of fixed length,

an elongated fusible fuel body adapted tobe consumed by a suitable wick, said body disposed in fixed upright position in the container, the side walls of the container being brought inwardly to form a restriction embracing the upper portion of the fuel body,

the restricted portion of the container intimately and uniformly embracing the side surfaces of such upper portion of the fuel body,

whereby when the candle is -lighted and the upper portion of the fuel is being consumed, the restricted portion. of the container will first confine the melted fuel in a relatively small pool and will thereafter overhang the L top surfaces of the remaining solid fuel body to form. a.

. right elongated fusible fuel body adapted to body, said casing comprising a continuous translucent side wall portion closely and continuously surrounding the body for substantially the full height of the body, the casing also including an upper wall portion extending continuously inwardly from the side wall fuel bodyas the air enters and travels downwardly in said cavity, whereby the inner wall surfaces of the cavity will be in turn heated by. such downwardly traveling and expanding heated air.

12. A candle comprising an elongated solid fusible fuel body adapted to be consumed by a suitable wick, an elongated hollow casing including a side wall portion which is translucent for visibility of the candle flame therethrough, the side wall portion of the casing continuously and closely surrounding the fuel body for substantially the full height of said body, a portion of the casing wall extending inwardly at the top into overhanging relation to said body, and means for exclusively introducing outside air into the cavity, defined by said inwardly extending portion of the casing wall above the fuel body at the top thereof, directly into intimate heating relation with the hot exhaust gases discharging from said cavity upon burning thecandle, whereby the outside air which is introduced to support combustion of the fuel will be heated by said exhaust gases as the air passes downwardly into said cavity for in turn heating the interior wall surfaces of the casing 330 maintain these surfaces free from unmelted uel.

13. In a light of the class described, an upbe consumed by a suitable wick, and a glass casing for said body, the casing having a continuous glass wall closely surrounding the body for substantially the full height of the body, the glass wall extending inwardly at the top of the casing into continuance annularly overhanging relation to the said body and providing a central restricted opening forming a fresh air inlet passage and a pass age for simultaneous outlet of the gaseous progucts of combustion during burning of the W1C In testimony whereof, I hereunto affix my signature.

HUBER H. ROOT. 

